On April 17, 2019, IP High Court Chief Judge Makiko Takabe visited the United States International Trade Commission (USITC), and exchanged opinions with USITC Chief Administrative Law Judge Charles E. Bullock. Chief Judge Takabe received explanations from Chief Administrative Law Judge Bullock regarding topics including the status of expeditious proceedings at the USITC and their relationships with the patent invalidation proceedings at the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and infringement proceedings at federal district courts. And in turn, she provided explanations to him regarding the relationships between infringement litigation at Japanese courts and invalidation trial proceedings at the Japan Patent Office (JPO), and expeditious proceedings in infringement litigation.